城市地下道路内涝防治分析技术

Analysis Technology of Waterlogging Prevention and Control for Urban Underground Roads

摘要:

当城市遭遇内涝灾害时，城市地下道路的受灾危险性极大。尤其是重要地下道路，内部聚集大量人员与车辆，内涝不仅会造成巨大财产损失与人员安全威胁，若交通中断，更会严重阻碍城市救灾工作推进及基本功能运转。内涝防治分析是地下道路工程设计的核心环节之一，旨在精准识别内涝风险源、确定内涝设计水位，为后续防治工程设计提供关键依据。然而在城市开展此项工作时，往往面临基础资料碎片化难收集、人口流动频繁导致历史灾害调查难、城市水文环境因城镇化而快速变迁、人工干预措施干扰多等问题，诸多分析技术因成本过高、周期过长等限制难以落地，导致当前多数城市地下道路仍主要依赖城市防洪排涝体系。但城市的防洪排涝工程的设计标准以保护城市整体区域为主，与地下道路“封闭空间、人员密集、交通关键”的防护需求存在本质差异，其安全保障能力难以覆盖地下道路的特殊风险。总结近十几年城市内涝防治工程实践经验，逐步形成了一套针对性技术路线——通过地形数字建模分析、历史内涝灾害调查、精细化水文模拟计算等方法，依托电子地形图与专业地形分析软件（如GIS），实现内涝风险源的精准定位与设计水位的科学计算，为地下道路内涝防治工程提供更贴合实际的设计依据。

Abstract:

When cities suffer from the waterlogging disasters, the risk of damage to underground roads is extremely high. Especially for important underground roads, where a large number of people and vehicles gather inside, the waterlogging not only causes huge property losses and threats to personnel safety, but also seriously hinders the progress of urban disaster relief work and the operation of basic functions if traffic is interrupted. The analysis of waterlogging prevention and control is one of the core aspects in the design of underground road engineering, aiming to accurately identify the waterlogging risk sources, determine the waterlogging design water levels, and provide a key basis for subsequent prevention and control engineering design. However, when carrying out this work in cities, there are often problems such as fragmented basic data that are difficult to collect, frequent population movements that make it difficult to investigate historical disasters, rapid changes in urban hydrological environment due to urbanization, and frequent interference from human intervention measures. Many analytical techniques are difficult to implement due to high costs and long cycles, resulting in the most urban underground roads still relying mainly on urban flood control and drainage systems. However, the design standards for flood control and drainage projects in cities mainly focus on protecting the overall urban area, which is fundamentally different from the protection requirements of underground roads such as enclosed spaces, densely populated areas and critical traffic. Its safety guarantee capability is difficult to cover the special risks of underground roads. The practical experience of urban waterlogging prevention and control engineering in the past decade is summarized, and a set of targeted technical route is gradually formed, such as terrain digital modeling analysis, historical waterlogging disaster investigation, refined hydrological simulation calculation and others. Relying on electronic topographic maps and professional terrain analysis software (such as GIS), the accurate positioning of waterlogging risk sources and the scientific calculation of design water levels can be achieved, providing more practical design basis for the waterlogging prevention and control engineering of underground roads.