污水处理厂高浓度进水冲击分析及应对策略

Analysis and Coping Strategies for High-Concentration Influent Shock in Wastewater Treatment Plants

摘要:

以上海市12座典型污水处理厂为研究对象，基于其2021—2025年的长期进出水水质监测数据，采用数理统计与累计频率分析法，系统研究了高浓度进水冲击的时空特征、污染物指标规律及其对出水稳定性的影响。研究表明，进水冲击在部分厂区呈现常态化，主要表现为COD、NH3-N、TN的瞬时超高浓度，其中氨氮冲击对出水达标构成的威胁最大。研究发现，工业废水纳管比例与冲击风险无必然关联，这一发现将冲击源的调查范围从“工业源”扩展至整个“收集系统”，如管网沉积物厌氧释放、雨污混接、地下水入渗，以及未纳入监管的散乱污企业偷排等。基于研究结果，构建了涵盖“源头预警—过程调控—末端应急—工程兜底”的全过程系统性应对策略框架，并提出针对性的管理建议，以提升特大型城市污水处理系统的整体韧性与稳定达标保障能力。

Abstract:

Taking 12 typical wastewater treatment plants in Shanghai as the research object, this study systematically analyzes the spatiotemporal characteristics of high-concentration influent shock, pollutant indicator patterns, and their impact on effluent stability. The analysis is based on long-term influent and effluent water quality monitoring data from 2021 to 2025, using mathematical statistics and cumulative frequency analysis. The research indicates that influent shock has become a regular occurrence in some plants, primarily characterized by instantaneous ultra-high concentrations of COD, NH3-N, and TN. Among these, ammonia nitrogen shock poses the greatest threat to effluent compliance. The analysis reveals that the proportion of industrial wastewater discharged into the sewer system is not necessarily correlated with shock risk. This finding expands the scope of shock source investigation from "industrial sources" to the entire "collection system," including factors such as anaerobic release from sediment in sewer networks, stormwater and sewage cross-connections, groundwater infiltration, and unauthorized discharges from unregulated scattered pollution sources. Based on the findings, a comprehensive systematic coping strategy framework is constructed, covering "source warning–process regulation–endpoint emergency response–engineering safeguards." Targeted management recommendations are proposed to enhance the overall resilience and stable compliance assurance capability of megacity wastewater treatment systems.